Stem Cells Embryonic stem cells, tissue-specific stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells. For example, hematopoietic stem cells are a type of adult stem cell found in bone marrow. They make new red blood cells, white blood cells, and other types of blood cells. Doctors have been performing stem cell transplants, also known as bone marrow transplants, for decades using hematopoietic stem cells to treat certain types of cancer.
PBSCT emerged in the 1990s (19) as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation (BMT) (19), due to easier harvesting of stem cells, higher yields of stem cells, and faster patient recovery after transplantation (150). Multipotent stem cells (rhomboid pattern, diagonal lines and darker hue) are found in the developing gastula or are derived from pluripotent stem cells and are restricted to give rise only to cells of their respective germ layer. Some researchers believe that stem cells derived from therapeutic cloning may offer benefits over those of fertilized eggs because cloned cells are less likely to be rejected once transplanted back to the donor and may allow researchers to see exactly how a cell develops. disease.
The fourth destination is one in which a stem cell divides to produce two daughters, both different from the stem cell. Before using investigational drugs in humans, researchers may use some types of stem cells to evaluate the safety and quality of medications. These daughter cells become new stem cells or specialized cells (differentiation) with a more specific function, such as blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle cells, or bone cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells require leukemia inhibitory factor and bone morphogenic proteins, while human cells require Noggin and Wnt signaling proteins for sustained pluripotency.
The two defining characteristics of a stem cell are perpetual self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into a specialized adult cell type. The promises of curing human ailments by stem cells have been heavily touted, but many obstacles still need to be overcome. These new cells can develop an immune response to cancer and help destroy the patient's cancer cells, the graft-versus-cancer effect. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from cultures of embryonic and adult mouse fibroblasts by defined factors.
This process creates a stem cell line that is genetically identical to donor cells, essentially a clone. This trait also applies to cancer cells that divide uncontrollably, while stem cell division is highly regulated. Adult stem cells are also more likely to contain abnormalities due to environmental hazards, such as toxins, or errors acquired by cells during replication. In this type of transplant, the patient receives 2 cycles of high-dose chemotherapy as myeloablative therapy, each followed by a transplant of his own stem cells.
